Understanding HPV: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

Medically reviewed by Dr. Baraa Alnahhal, MD · Last reviewed: October 2026

Quick Answer: What is HPV?

HPV stands for Human Papillomavirus, a group of more than 100 related viruses. Dozens of these types affect the genital area. It is spread through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. [1] [2] Most people with HPV do not develop symptoms, but some strains cause genital warts, while high-risk strains can cause cellular changes that may lead to cancer if left unmanaged. [1] [2]

What the research says

• Vaccination cut cervical cancer risk at the population level. In a Swedish register study of 1,672,983 girls and women aged 10 to 30, cervical cancer was diagnosed in 19 vaccinated women and 538 unvaccinated women (47 vs 94 cases per 100,000). Among women vaccinated before age 17, the adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.12 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.34); for those vaccinated at 17 to 30 it was 0.47 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.75) (Lei et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2020 [4]).

• Randomized trials show strong protection against precancer, with no increase in serious side effects. A Cochrane review of 26 trials with 73,428 participants found that, in girls and women aged 15 to 26 who were negative for high-risk HPV at the start, vaccines lowered CIN2+ precancer linked to HPV 16/18 from 164 to 2 per 10,000 (risk ratio 0.01). Serious adverse events were similar in both groups (669 vs 656 per 10,000; risk ratio 0.98). Protection was weaker in women vaccinated at 24 to 45 who were not selected for HPV status (Arbyn et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018 [5]).

• Most infections clear within months, but some persist, especially HPV-16. A meta-analysis of 86 studies covering more than 100,000 women found a median duration of any HPV detection of 9.8 months. High-risk HPV types lasted a median of 9.3 months, and HPV-16 persisted longest at 12.4 months. About half of infections persisted past 6 to 12 months (Rositch et al., International Journal of Cancer, 2013 [6]).

Key Takeaways

What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Human Papillomavirus is an incredibly common virus that affects various parts of the body. While many people associate it exclusively with reproductive health, different strains can cause warts on the hands, feet, and face. The most significant concern arises from the dozens of strains that affect the genitals, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, and anus.

Because the virus is highly contagious and often presents no visible symptoms, it spreads easily among sexually active individuals. In fact, it is estimated that most unvaccinated, sexually active people will become infected at some point in their lives, often without ever realizing it. [1]

What are the symptoms and warning signs of HPV?

For the majority of people, an HPV infection does not cause any noticeable symptoms. [2] The immune system typically clears the virus naturally, with about 9 out of 10 infections going away within two years. [1] [2] However, when symptoms do occur, they most frequently manifest as genital warts.

Identifying Genital Warts

Genital warts are low-risk symptoms caused by specific strains (most often types 6 and 11). They appear as:

• Rough, cauliflower-like lumps on the skin. [2]

• Small, flesh-colored skin tags.

• Itchy or uncomfortable growths in the genital or anal area.

It is important to note that the high-risk strains of HPV, those that can lead to cancer, rarely cause warts. This means that a lack of visible symptoms does not necessarily mean a person is free from the virus.

How does HPV spread?

The virus is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. [1] [2] This includes vaginal, anal, and oral sex. [1] [2] Because it lives on the skin, the exchange of bodily fluids is not required for transmission.

What complications can HPV cause, including cancer risk?

The most serious complication associated with HPV is the development of cancer. High-risk strains can cause persistent infections that lead to cellular changes over time. [5] [6]

• Cervical Cancer: The most common HPV-related cancer, almost always linked to high-risk strains like 16 and 18.

• Other Cancers: Though rarer, HPV can also lead to anal, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. [1] [2]

• Cervical Dysplasia: A condition where abnormal cells grow on the surface of the cervix, which can progress to cancer if not monitored or treated.

How is HPV diagnosed and screened for?

Since many forms of HPV are silent, regular screening is the most effective way to manage health risks.

1. Pap Smear: Primarily used to detect precancerous cells on the cervix before they turn into cancer.

2. HPV Test: Specifically identifies the presence of high-risk viral strains. It is used for cervical cancer screening in women aged 30 and older. [2]

3. Visual Inspection: Healthcare providers can often diagnose genital warts through a physical examination.

4. Colposcopy: If a screening is abnormal, a provider may use a magnifying instrument to closely examine the cervix and potentially take a biopsy.

How is HPV managed and treated?

HPV itself currently has no treatment, but the warts and abnormal cell changes the virus causes can be treated effectively. [2]

Treatment for Warts and Abnormal Cells

How can you prevent HPV?

Protecting yourself and your partners involves a combination of vaccination, screening, and lifestyle choices.

• Vaccination: The HPV vaccine is most effective when given before a person is exposed to the virus. [1] [3] The CDC recommends it at age 11 or 12, and it can be started at age 9. [1] [3] Teens and young adults through age 26 who were not vaccinated should also get it. [3]

• Regular Screenings: Routine cervical cancer screening is recommended for women aged 21 to 65 to monitor for cervical changes. [2]

• Safer Sex: Consistent use of condoms and dental dams reduces the risk of transmission, though it does not eliminate it entirely since the virus can live on skin not covered by the barrier. [2]

• Communication: Sharing your health history with partners allows for informed decisions and encourages regular testing.

Conclusion

HPV is a nearly universal experience for sexually active individuals, but it does not have to be a source of panic. By staying informed, getting vaccinated, and maintaining a regular screening schedule, you can effectively manage the risks and protect your long-term health.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I have HPV if I don't have warts?

Yes. Most high-risk strains of HPV do not cause warts and often have no symptoms at all.

Is there a cure for HPV?

There is no treatment for the virus itself, but the CDC reports that 9 out of 10 infections go away on their own within two years. [1] [2] Treatments are available for the symptoms (warts) and complications (cell changes). [2]

Does a condom protect me 100% from HPV?

No. Condoms reduce the risk but do not eliminate it because the virus can infect skin that the condom does not cover. [2]

How often should I get a Pap smear?

Routine cervical cancer screening is recommended for women aged 21 to 65. [2] Your healthcare provider will determine the best test and frequency based on your age and health history.

Can men get tested for HPV?

There is currently no routine HPV test for men. [2] Diagnosis is usually made through visual inspection of warts.

What happens if my HPV test is positive?

A positive test means high-risk HPV was found. It does not mean you have cancer. Your provider may repeat testing or recommend follow-up such as a colposcopy, depending on your age and Pap results.

Can I get the vaccine if I'm already sexually active?

Yes, if you are in the recommended age range (through age 26). [3] The vaccine can still protect you against types you haven't been exposed to yet. Some adults aged 27 to 45 may decide to get it after talking with their doctor. [3]

Does HPV cause infertility?

HPV itself does not cause infertility, but treatments for advanced cervical cell changes (like a cone biopsy) may sometimes affect the cervix.

How long does it take for HPV to turn into cancer?

It usually takes years or even decades for a persistent high-risk infection to cause cancer. [2]

Can HPV be spread through kissing?

While oral HPV exists, it is primarily spread through oral-genital contact rather than casual kissing.

Can I get HPV from a toilet seat?

No. HPV is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, not through inanimate objects like toilet seats.

Are genital warts dangerous?

Genital warts are considered low-risk and are not cancerous, though they can be uncomfortable and contagious.

Can HPV affect pregnancy?

In rare cases, warts can grow large enough to obstruct the birth canal, or the virus can be passed to the baby during delivery, but this is uncommon. Routine cervical cancer screening is still recommended during pregnancy.

What is the difference between low-risk and high-risk HPV?

Low-risk strains cause warts; high-risk strains can cause cancer.

Can I get HPV more than once?

Yes. There are over 100 types of HPV, and being infected with one strain does not make you immune to others.

Do warts always come back after treatment?

They can, as the treatment removes the wart but not necessarily the virus from your system.

Is HPV the same as HIV or Herpes?

No. They are entirely different viruses with different health implications and transmission methods.

Should I tell my partner I have HPV?

Yes. Open communication helps both partners stay proactive about their health and screenings.

Can HPV go away on its own?

Yes. About 9 out of 10 HPV infections are cleared by the body's immune system within two years, without treatment. [1] [2]

What is cervical dysplasia?

It is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow on the cervix, often caused by HPV.

Are all warts caused by HPV?

Yes, all warts (on hands, feet, or genitals) are caused by some form of Human Papillomavirus.

Can older adults get the HPV vaccine?

The vaccine is approved for adults up to age 45. The CDC does not recommend it for everyone over 26, but some adults aged 27 through 45 may choose it after discussing their risk with a doctor. [3] The benefit is smaller because more people in this age range have already been exposed to HPV. [3]

What is a colposcopy?

A procedure where a doctor uses a special magnifying lens to look at the cervix for abnormal cells.

Does HPV cause symptoms in the throat?

High-risk oral HPV usually has no symptoms until it progresses to oropharyngeal cancer. There is currently no approved test for HPV in the mouth or throat. [2]

Can I have HPV for years without knowing?

Yes. The virus can remain dormant or asymptomatic in the body for a long time.

Is the HPV vaccine safe?

Yes. The CDC describes the HPV vaccine as safe and effective, and a Cochrane review of 26 trials found no increased risk of serious adverse events. [2] [5]

What is LEEP?

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure uses a thin wire loop to remove abnormal cervical tissue.

Can HPV be transmitted through oral sex?

Yes, oral sex is a common method of transmission for both low-risk and high-risk strains.

Are there any natural remedies for HPV?

There are no proven natural cures for the virus; a healthy immune system is the best defense.

Does a positive HPV test mean my partner cheated?

Not necessarily. HPV can stay in the body for years, so an infection could have been contracted long before the current relationship.

What are plantar warts?

Warts that grow on the soles of the feet, caused by specific non-genital strains of HPV.

Can HPV be diagnosed with a blood test?

No. There is no blood test for HPV. It is diagnosed through skin inspection or cell/DNA testing of the affected area, such as cervical screening.

What is the Gardasil vaccine?

Gardasil 9 is the HPV vaccine distributed in the United States. [3] It protects against nine HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58). [3]

Can HPV cause anal cancer in men?

Yes. Men, especially those who have sex with men, are at an increased risk for HPV-related anal cancer.

What is an abnormal Pap smear?

It means the lab found cells that don't look normal, which is often a sign of an HPV infection.

Can I get HPV if I've only had one partner?

Yes. If that partner has the virus, it can be transmitted. [2]

Does smoking increase HPV risk?

Smoking weakens the immune system's ability to clear HPV and increases the risk of it progressing to cancer.

Can HPV be spread by sharing towels?

It is extremely unlikely; HPV requires direct skin-to-skin contact for transmission.

What is a cone biopsy?

A procedure to remove a larger, cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix for diagnosis or treatment.

Can I get genital warts on my mouth?

Yes, low-risk HPV can cause warts in the mouth or throat through oral contact.

How common is HPV?

Very common. The CDC says nearly everyone who is not vaccinated will get HPV at some point, and about 13 million Americans, including teens, become infected each year. [1]

Does the vaccine protect against all types of HPV?

No. It protects against the most common high-risk and wart-causing types, but not all of the 100+ types.

Can I get HPV from a swimming pool?

No, the virus is not transmitted through water.

What should I do if I find a lump in my genital area?

Consult a healthcare provider for a professional diagnosis, as it could be a wart or another condition.

Can HPV cause penile cancer?

Yes, although it is rare compared to cervical cancer.

Is the HPV vaccine only for girls?

No. It is recommended for both males and females to prevent transmission and related cancers.

What is the "high-risk" period for HPV?

There is no specific period; the risk comes from persistent infections that the body fails to clear over several years.

Can I have a healthy baby if I have HPV?

Yes. Most women with HPV have normal pregnancies and healthy babies.

Does menopause affect HPV?

Hormonal changes don't directly affect the virus, but regular screenings remain important as you age.

Where can I get more information?

Consult your primary care physician or a local health clinic for personalized advice and testing.

Related Reading

Learn more in our guide to HPV Test: Who Needs It, How It's Done and What Results Mean.

Learn more in our guide to Colposcopy: Purpose, Procedure, Biopsy, Results and Recovery.

Cervical Cancer Screening: Tests, Schedule by Age and What Results Mean explains the Pap and HPV tests used to find cervical precancer early.

References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About HPV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed July 3, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/about/index.html

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Genital HPV Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed January 31, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HPV Vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed August 20, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/vaccines/index.html

4. Lei J, Ploner A, Elfström KM, et al. HPV vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(14):1340-1348. PMID 32997908. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1917338

5. Arbyn M, Xu L, Simoens C, Martin-Hirsch PP. Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;5(5):CD009069. PMID 29740819. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009069.pub3

6. Rositch AF, Koshiol J, Hudgens MG, et al. Patterns of persistent genital human papillomavirus infection among women worldwide: a literature review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer. 2013;133(6):1271-1285. PMID 22961444. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27828

Disclaimer

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.