Understanding the Facial Artery: Anatomy, Function, and Health
Updated: 3 days ago
Medically reviewed by Dr. Baraa Alnahhal, MD | Last reviewed: October 17, 2026
Quick Answer: What is the facial artery?
The facial artery is a major branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the surface of the face [1]. It begins in the neck, crosses the jawbone and runs diagonally toward the eye, supplying the lips, nose, cheeks and chin [1]. Awareness of its course matters during surgical reconstruction and cosmetic filler injections to avoid vascular damage [1].
What the research says
The facial artery territory is the most commonly injured after filler complications. In a systematic review of 243 published cases of filler-induced facial skin ischemia, the facial artery (58% of cases) and ophthalmic artery (48%) territories were most often affected. Skin involvement of the ophthalmic territory was linked to far more vision loss (39% vs 0.8%) and stroke (8% vs 0.8%) (Soares et al., Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2023) [2].
Eye complications after facial hyaluronic acid injections are often severe. A systematic review of 34 articles on ocular complications found the nose was the most common injection site (40.67%), vision loss was the most common complication (50%), and in 15 of the published reports (45.45%) there was no improvement even after treatment (Mortada et al., Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2022) [3].
Anatomical Structure and Location
The journey of the facial artery begins in the neck, where it typically branches off from the external carotid artery [1]. While this is the most common origin, anatomical variations exist; in some individuals, it may stem from the common or internal carotid artery or share a starting point with the lingual artery [1]. From its origin, the vessel travels over the jawbone and follows a diagonal path across the cheek, eventually terminating near the side of the nose just below the eye [1].
A distinguishing feature of the facial artery is its tortuous or “twisting” appearance. These natural coils are functional, providing the necessary slack for the artery to stretch and accommodate the dynamic movements of the face during speech, expressions, and mastication [1]. Structurally, like other major arteries, it consists of three distinct layers of tissue that work together to regulate blood pressure and flow through a hollow central channel.
Arterial Branching Patterns
The facial artery is divided into two primary segments based on its location: the cervical part (in the neck) and the facial part [1]. Each segment gives rise to specific branches that supply targeted regions.
Essential Functions and Blood Supply
The primary function of the facial artery is to supply nutrient-rich blood to the superficial structures of the face [1]. This includes the intricate network of muscles responsible for facial expressions, as well as the sensory and glandular tissues in the oral and nasal cavities. Surgeons often rely on the robust blood supply provided by this artery when performing complex reconstructions or transferring tissue flaps following the removal of tumors in the head and neck region [1].
Common Conditions and Clinical Concerns
Several medical conditions can impact the integrity and function of the facial artery. Temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis [1], involves inflammation of the arterial walls and can lead to significant systemic symptoms, including sudden permanent vision loss if it is not treated urgently. Additionally, atherosclerosis—the buildup of plaque—in the carotid arteries can restrict the volume of blood reaching the facial artery, potentially leading to tissue ischemia or contributing to the risk of a stroke (see carotid artery disease).
In modern clinical practice, the facial artery has gained prominence due to the popularity of cosmetic fillers (for example, jawline filler). If a filler is accidentally injected into the artery or compresses it [1], it can lead to vascular occlusion, causing tissue damage or even vision issues [2] [3]. Symptoms of such complications include sudden pain at the injection site or the appearance of blue or gray discoloration on the skin [1]. Other general signs of arterial issues in this region include jaw pain, double vision, and unexplained fatigue [1].
Diagnostic Testing and Treatment Options
When healthcare providers suspect an issue with the facial artery, they typically utilize noninvasive imaging techniques to assess blood flow and arterial structure. Doppler ultrasound is frequently used to visualize the vessel using sound waves, while Computed Tomography (CT) scans provide detailed cross-sectional views [1]. In some cases, blood tests are ordered to check for markers of inflammation or high cholesterol levels that might indicate systemic arterial disease.
Treatment strategies vary depending on the underlying cause. For inflammatory conditions like temporal arteritis, high-dose corticosteroids are the standard therapy. If a complication arises from a cosmetic injection, providers may use heat, massage, or specific enzymes to dissolve the filler [1] and restore circulation. For patients with atherosclerosis, management focuses on lifestyle changes and medications designed to lower cholesterol and prevent the formation of dangerous blood clots [1].
Maintaining Arterial Health
Proactive care for the facial artery mirrors the general recommendations for cardiovascular health. Because these vessels are susceptible to the same stressors as the heart’s arteries, lifestyle choices play a pivotal role in long-term maintenance. Avoiding tobacco products is perhaps the most significant step, as smoking causes immediate and long-term damage to arterial walls.
A diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, combined with a limited intake of sodium and alcohol [1], helps maintain healthy blood pressure and prevents plaque accumulation. Regular physical activity further supports vascular elasticity and efficient circulation. By prioritizing these habits and attending regular medical checkups, individuals can ensure that the facial artery continues to provide the essential support needed for facial health and function.
Conclusion
The facial artery is an indispensable component of the body’s circulatory system, providing the necessary life support for the lower face. From its complex branching in the neck to its flexible path across the cheeks, it ensures that muscles, skin, and sensory organs receive a steady supply of oxygen. Understanding its anatomy and the conditions that affect it is crucial not only for medical professionals but also for anyone considering facial procedures or looking to optimize their cardiovascular well-being.
When to See a Healthcare Professional
If you are experiencing persistent jaw pain, vision changes, or skin discoloration following a facial procedure, consult a healthcare professional immediately. Prioritizing your vascular health today can prevent serious complications tomorrow.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the main purpose of the facial artery?
The main purpose is to supply oxygenated blood to the muscles and tissues of the lower face, including the lips, nose, and cheeks.
Where does the facial artery originate?
The facial artery typically branches off from the external carotid artery in the neck.
Why does the facial artery have a twisted shape?
The twists allow the artery to stretch and move without damage during activities like chewing and speaking.
What was the facial artery formerly called?
The facial artery was previously known as the external maxillary artery.
Which parts of the mouth does it supply?
The facial artery supplies the roof of the mouth, the tonsils, and the salivary glands.
Can the facial artery be affected by atherosclerosis?
Yes, plaque buildup in the carotid arteries can reduce blood flow to the facial artery.
What is temporal arteritis?
Temporal arteritis is an inflammatory condition that affects the walls of the arteries, including those in the head and face.
How do cosmetic fillers affect the facial artery?
If injected incorrectly, fillers can block or compress the artery, leading to tissue damage.
What are the symptoms of a blocked facial artery?
Symptoms include skin discoloration (blue or gray), pain at an injection site, and potentially double vision.
What tests are used to check the facial artery?
Doppler ultrasound and CT scans are the most common diagnostic tools.
How is temporal arteritis treated?
Temporal arteritis is usually treated with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
Can jaw pain be a sign of a facial artery issue?
Yes, jaw pain is a common symptom associated with conditions like temporal arteritis.
Does the facial artery supply the eyes?
While it ends near the eye as the angular artery, its primary supply is to the lower facial structures.
How can I keep my facial artery healthy?
Maintain a heart-healthy diet, exercise regularly, and avoid tobacco products.
Is the facial artery the same on both sides of the face?
Yes, it is a paired artery with one on the left and one on the right side of the face.
Related reading on Rinnit
Sources
Cleveland Clinic. Facial Artery. Cleveland Clinic. Last updated May 16, 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24988-facial-artery
Soares DJ, Bowhay A, Blevins LW, et al. Patterns of Filler-Induced Facial Skin Ischemia: A Systematic Review of 243 Cases and Introduction of the FOEM Scoring System and Grading Scale. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023;151(4):592e-608e. PMID 36477154. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000009991
Mortada H, Seraj H, Barasain O, et al. Ocular Complications Post-Cosmetic Periocular Hyaluronic Acid Injections: A Systematic Review. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2022;46(2):760-773. PMID 35091771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02730-5
Medical disclaimer
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.
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