Nabothian Cysts: A Comprehensive Guide to Harmless Cervical Bumps
Updated: 2 days ago
Medically reviewed by Dr. Baraa Alnahhal, MD · Last reviewed: October 2026
Quick Answer: Key Facts About Nabothian Cysts
Nabothian cysts are harmless, mucus-filled bumps on the cervix that form when skin cells trap mucus inside cervical glands. [1] They usually cause no symptoms, though rarely pelvic pressure or pain during sex. [1] They are found by pelvic exam, ultrasound or colposcopy. [1] They are benign, not a cancer risk factor, and need treatment only if uncomfortable.
Feature | Details |
What is it? | A harmless, mucus-filled bump on the cervix. [1] |
Cause | Skin cells trapping mucus inside cervical glands. [1] |
Common symptoms | Usually none; rarely pelvic pressure or pain during sex. [1] |
Diagnosis | Pelvic exam, ultrasound, or colposcopy. [1] |
Treatment | Not needed unless uncomfortable; removed via freezing or heat. [1] |
Risk of cancer | Benign (non-cancerous); not a risk factor for cancer. |
What the research says
Nabothian cysts are benign and need no extra worry. A clinical review from the Mayo Clinic on abnormal-looking cervixes concluded that ectropion, nabothian cysts, and small cervical polyps are quite benign and need not generate concern for the patient or clinician. In contrast, a history of diethylstilbestrol exposure, cervical inflammation, abnormal cervical cytology, or postcoital bleeding should prompt further evaluation. (Casey et al., Mayo Clin Proc, 2011 [3])
Nabothian cysts are common, and their cause is still unclear. In a retrospective MRI study of 452 women, nabothian cysts were found in 69.8% (176 of 250) of women with thickening of the uterine junctional zone (a marker used to identify adenomyosis) compared with 28.2% (57 of 202) of women without it. The authors noted that the cause of nabothian cysts is still unclear. This study shows an association, not a cause. (Yilmaz et al., Pol J Radiol, 2022 [4])
Cyst contents can occasionally confuse a Pap test. A case report described a patient whose nabothian cyst content, which can be broken by the sampling spatula, was mistaken on a liquid-based Pap test for material seen with invasive cancer. The authors called nabothian cysts common, benign findings and flagged this as a rare diagnostic pitfall. (Barrigón et al., Diagn Cytopathol, 2019 [5])
What Is a Nabothian Cyst?
A nabothian cyst is a tiny, benign bump that forms on the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. These cysts are filled with mucus and occur when the healthy skin cells on the surface of the cervix grow over the mucus-producing glands. [1] [2] This process creates a barrier that traps the mucus inside, causing the gland to swell into a small lump. [1]
These cysts are incredibly common and are considered a normal anatomical variation rather than a disease. Most individuals who have them are unaware of their presence until a healthcare provider notices them during a routine pelvic examination. [1] Nabothian cysts can appear as single bumps or in clusters, ranging in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. [1]
Why Do Nabothian Cysts Form?
The cervix is lined with glands that naturally produce mucus. Under certain conditions, the skin cells on the cervix reproduce more rapidly, which can lead to the blockage of these glands. [1]
Common factors that contribute to the formation of nabothian cysts include:
Post-childbirth recovery: After giving birth, the cervix undergoes significant changes, and new skin cells grow quickly to repair the area, which can inadvertently block glands. [1]
Injury or trauma: Any physical injury to the cervical area can trigger the growth of new skin cells as part of the healing process. [1]
Chronic inflammation: Long-term inflammation of the cervix, known as chronic cervicitis, can also lead to the development of these cysts. [1]
What are the symptoms and warning signs of nabothian cysts?
In the vast majority of cases, nabothian cysts are entirely painless and asymptomatic. [1] They do not interfere with menstruation, fertility, or daily activities. However, on rare occasions, a cyst may become large enough to cause discomfort.
Potential symptoms of larger or multiple nabothian cysts include:
Pelvic pressure: A sensation of fullness or light pressure in the vaginal area. [1]
Pain during intercourse: Discomfort that occurs before, during, or after sexual activity. [1]
Vaginal discharge: If a cyst ruptures, it may release a small amount of mucus and blood, which can sometimes have a noticeable odor. [1]
How are nabothian cysts diagnosed and evaluated?
Because they are so common, healthcare providers can usually identify nabothian cysts visually during a standard pelvic exam. [1] [2] The cysts typically appear as small, white or yellowish bumps on the surface of the cervix. [1] [2]
If a provider needs to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other conditions, they may use:
Colposcopy: A procedure that uses a magnifying instrument to get a detailed view of the cervix. [1]
Ultrasound or MRI: Imaging tests that can determine the size and location of the cysts.
Biopsy or fluid testing: In rare cases where a cyst appears unusual, a provider may take a small sample to ensure it is not a rare form of cancer. [1]
What are the treatment options for nabothian cysts?
Treatment for nabothian cysts is almost never necessary because they are harmless. [1] [2] Most doctors recommend a “wait and see” approach. However, if a cyst is causing physical discomfort or is so large that it interferes with a Pap smear, it can be removed using simple, in-office procedures. [1]
Common Removal Methods
How are nabothian cysts different from cervical cancer?
Nabothian cysts are benign and distinct from cervical cancer, though it is natural to feel concerned about a growth on the cervix. Nabothian cysts are non-cancerous and do not increase your risk of developing cervical cancer. While a very rare type of cancer called adenoma malignum can mimic the appearance of a cyst, experienced healthcare providers can typically tell them apart through visual inspection or routine testing. [1]
Conclusion
Nabothian cysts are a normal part of reproductive health for many individuals. They are harmless, painless, and rarely require any form of medical intervention. The best way to manage them is through regular gynecological checkups, which allow your provider to monitor your cervical health and provide peace of mind.
Take the Next Step
Take control of your health with regular gynecological checkups.
For more expert guides on gynecological wellness and preventive care, visit Rinnit.com.
Frequently Asked Questions
Will a nabothian cyst go away on its own?
Nabothian cysts often cause no problems and need no treatment. Some may rupture, while others stay on the cervix for years, and new ones can form. Removal is only considered if a cyst is causing symptoms.
Can a nabothian cyst affect my ability to get pregnant?
No. These cysts do not interfere with fertility or the ability to carry a pregnancy to term.
Do I need to worry if my cyst ruptures?
Generally, no. A ruptured cyst may cause a temporary increase in vaginal discharge, but it is not a medical emergency. If discharge persists or smells foul, contact your doctor.
How big can these cysts get?
Most are only a few millimeters wide, but they can grow up to 4 centimeters in diameter.
Are nabothian cysts sexually transmitted?
No. They are caused by skin cells blocking glands and are not related to STIs or sexual activity.
Can I feel a nabothian cyst myself?
Typically, no. They are located deep on the cervix and are usually only detectable by a healthcare provider during an exam.
Does having cysts mean I have an infection?
Not necessarily. While inflammation can lead to cysts, the cysts themselves are not an infection.
Will they come back after removal?
It is possible for new cysts to form in the same area even after one has been destroyed or removed.
Are they common after menopause?
Nabothian cysts are most common during the reproductive years but can still be found in postmenopausal individuals.
Do they cause bleeding between periods?
Rarely. If a cyst ruptures, you might see spotting, but consistent bleeding between periods should be evaluated for other causes.
Can a Pap smear detect a nabothian cyst?
A Pap smear tests for abnormal cells, not cysts. However, your provider will usually see the cysts while performing the Pap smear.
Is there any way to prevent them?
There is no known way to prevent nabothian cysts, as they are a natural result of cervical cell growth.
Are they related to HPV?
No, nabothian cysts are not caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Should I have my cyst removed just in case?
Most doctors advise against removal unless the cyst is causing symptoms, as the procedures carry minor risks and the cysts are harmless.
Can I exercise with a nabothian cyst?
Yes. Cysts do not limit physical activity in any way.
Related Reading
Cervical Ectropion: What It Is, Why It Happens, and Why It’s Usually Nothing to Worry About explains another harmless cervix change that can cause spotting or discharge.
Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment — The Complete Guide explains inflammation of the cervix, its causes and treatment.
Colposcopy: Purpose, Procedure, Biopsy, Results and Recovery explains the magnified cervix exam used to look closely at bumps or changes.
Pap Smear (Pap Test): Age, Procedure, Results and How Often to Get One explains how the Pap test screens for abnormal cervical cells.
References
Cleveland Clinic. Nabothian Cyst: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. April 4, 2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22653-nabothian-cyst
National Library of Medicine. Nabothian cyst. MedlinePlus. August 18, 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001514.htm
Casey PM, et al. Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry? Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(2):147-150. PMID 21270291. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0512
Yilmaz PD, et al. Is there a relationship between adenomyosis and nabothian cyst? Pol J Radiol. 2022;87:e281-e285. PMID 35774217. https://doi.org/10.5114/pjr.2022.116913
Barrigón A, et al. Nabothian cyst content: A potential pitfall for the diagnosis of invasive cancer on Pap test cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2019;47(2):127-129. PMID 30353714. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.24098
Medical disclaimer
This article is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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